Syria [+]Compare [E]dit [H]istory

Aliases: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah, Suriyah, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Republic (with Egypt)

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Object «Syria» has attributes

Attribute Value
Geography
Area 187,437 km²
Continent Asia
Land area 185,887 km²
Water area 1,550 km²
Land boundaries 2,343 km
Border countries
  • Iraq
  • Israel
  • Jordan
  • Lebanon
  • Turkey
Coastline 193 km
Mean elevation 514 m
Lowest point -208 m
Highest point 2,814 m
People
Population 19,398,448
Official languages
  • Arabic
Religion Muslim
Government
Long country name Syrian Arab Republic
Short country name Syria
Long local name Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah
Short local name Suriyah
Former name
  • United Arab Republic (with Egypt)
Government type Presidential republic
Capital Damascus
Economy
GDP (PPP) 50,280,000,000 USD
GDP (OER) 24,600,000,000 USD
GDP (real growth rate) -36.5 %
GDP - per capita (PPP) 2,900 USD
Gross national saving 17 % of GDP
Labor force 3,767,000
Unemployment rate 50 %
Population below poverty line 82.5 %
Budget revenues 1,162,000,000 USD
Budget expenditures 3,211,000,000 USD
Military expenditures Add
Taxes and other revenues 4.2 % of GDP
Budget surplus or deficit -8.7 % of GDP
Public debt 94.8 % of GDP
Inflation rate 28.1 %
Central bank discount rate 0.75 %
Commercial bank prime lending rate 14 %
Stock of narrow money 7,272,000,000 USD
Stock of broad money 7,272,000,000 USD
Stock of domestic credit 9,161,000,000 USD
Market value of publicly traded shares Add
Current account balance -2,123,000,000 USD
Exports 1,850,000,000 USD
Imports 6,279,000,000 USD
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 407,300,000 USD
External debt 4,989,000,000 USD
National currency Syrian pounds
National currency (code) SYP
National currency (symbol) £
National currency rate to USD 514.6

Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area as Syria until granting it independence in 1946. The new country lacked political stability and experienced a series of military coups. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights region to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional, albeit unsuccessful, peace talks over its return. In November 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the socialist Ba'ath Party and the minority Alawi sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. Following the death of President Hafiz al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000. Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April 2005. During the July-August 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah. In May 2007, Bashar al-ASAD's second term as president was approved by popular referendum. Influenced by major uprisings that began elsewhere in the region, and compounded by additional social and economic factors, antigovernment protests broke out first in the southern province of Dar'a in March 2011 with protesters calling for the repeal of the restrictive Emergency Law allowing arrests without charge, the legalization of political parties, and the removal of corrupt local officials. Demonstrations and violent unrest spread across Syria with the size and intensity of protests fluctuating. The government responded to unrest with a mix of concessions - including the repeal of the Emergency Law, new laws permitting new political parties, and liberalizing local and national elections - and with military force and detentions. The government's efforts to quell unrest and armed opposition activity led to extended clashes and eventually civil war between government forces, their allies, and oppositionists. International pressure on the ASAD regime intensified after late 2011, as the Arab League, the EU, Turkey, and the US expanded economic sanctions against the regime and those entities that support it. In December 2012, the Syrian National Coalition, was recognized by more than 130 countries as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. In September 2015, Russia launched a military intervention on behalf of the ASAD regime, and domestic and foreign government-aligned forces recaptured swaths of territory from opposition forces, and eventually the country’s second largest city, Aleppo, in December 2016, shifting the conflict in the regime’s favor. The regime, with this foreign support, also recaptured opposition strongholds in the Damascus suburbs and the southern province of Dar’a in 2018. The government lacks territorial control over much of the northeastern part of the country, which is dominated by the predominantly Kurdish Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF). The SDF has expanded its territorial hold over much of the northeast since 2014 as it has captured territory from the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria. Political negotiations between the government and opposition delegations at UN-sponsored Geneva conferences since 2014 have failed to produce a resolution of the conflict. Since early 2017, Iran, Russia, and Turkey have held separate political negotiations outside of UN auspices to attempt to reduce violence in Syria. According to an April 2016 UN estimate, the death toll among Syrian Government forces, opposition forces, and civilians was over 400,000, though other estimates placed the number well over 500,000. As of December 2018, approximately 6.2 million Syrians were internally displaced. Approximately 13 million people were in need of humanitarian assistance across the country, and an additional 5.7 million Syrians were registered refugees in Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, and North Africa. The conflict in Syria remains one of the largest humanitarian crises worldwide.

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